The Origin of Family Private Property and the State Pdf

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the Country

First edition (1884)
Writer	Friedrich Engels
Original title	Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats
Language	German
Subjects	Anthropology, sociology
Publication date	1884
Published in English language	1902
Text	The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State at Wikisource

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State: in the Calorie-free of the Researches of Lewis H. Morgan (German: Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats) is an 1884 historical materialist treatise past Friedrich Engels. Information technology is partially based on notes past Karl Marx to Lewis H. Morgan's book Ancient Society (1877). The book is an early anthropological work and is regarded every bit one of the first major works on family unit economics.

Publication history [edit]

Background [edit]

Following the expiry of his friend and co-thinker Karl Marx in 1883, Friedrich Engels served as his literary executor, actively organizing and preparing for publication of the various writings of his scholarly friend. This activity, while time consuming, did not fully occupy Engels's available hours, still, and he managed to persevere reading and writing on topics of his ain.

While his 1883 manuscript Dialectics of Nature faltered, remaining uncompleted and unpublished, a greater success was achieved in the jump of 1884 with the writing and publication in Zurich of Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats: Im Anschluss an Lewis H. Morgan'southward Forschungen (The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the Country: in the Light of the Researches of Lewis H. Morgan).

Writing of The Origin of the Family unit began early in April 1884, with the project completed on 26 May.^[1] Engels began his work on the bailiwick afterward reading Marx'south handwritten synopsis of a book by pioneering anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan, Ancient Order; or, Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery, Through Atrocity to Civilization, first published in London in 1877.^[2] Engels believed it articulate that Marx had intended upon a disquisitional book-length treatment of the ideas kickoff broached by Morgan and determined to produce such a manuscript as a means of fulfilling a literary behest of his late comrade.^[2]

Engels was unflinching in acknowledging his motives, noting in the preface to the kickoff edition that "Marx had reserved to himself the privilege of displaying the results of Morgan's investigations in connectedness with his own materialist formulation of history", equally the latter had "in a manner discovered afresh" in America the theory originated past Marx decades before.^[3]

Writing procedure [edit]

Engels'due south outset inclination was to seek publication in Germany despite passage of the first of the Anti-Socialist Laws by the government of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. On April 26, 1884 Engels wrote a letter to his close political associate Karl Kautsky in which he noted that he sought to "play a trick on Bismarck" by writing something "that he would be positively unable to ban".^[4] He felt this goal unrealizable owing to Morgan's discussions of the nature of monogamy and the relationship between private ownership of belongings and class struggle, however, these making information technology "absolutely impossible to couch in such a manner as to comply with the Anti-Socialist Law".^[5]

Engels viewed Morgan's findings as providing a "factual basis we have hitherto lacked" for a prehistory of contemporary class struggle.^[five] He believed that it would be an important supplement to the theory of historical materialism for Morgan's ideas to be "thoroughly worked on, properly weighed up, and presented as a coherent whole".^[5] This was to be the political intent behind his Origin of the Family projection.

Piece of work on the volume was completed—with the exception of revisions upon the final chapter—on May 22, 1884, when the manuscript was dispatched to Eduard Bernstein in Zurich.^[6] The last decision of whether to print the book in Stuttgart "under a fake style", hiding Engels's forbidden name, or immediately without amending in a Swiss edition, was deferred by Engels to Bernstein.^[six] The latter course of action was called, with the book finding impress early in October.^[two]

His showtime objective was to merits that matriarchy was based on promiscuity as proved by Bachofen, who actually said information technology was based on monogamy^{[ citation needed ]}.

Editions [edit]

The first edition of Der Ursprung der Familie appeared in Zurich in October 1884, with the possibility of German publication forestalled by Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Constabulary.^[2] Two subsequent German editions, each following the first Zurich edition exactly, were published in Stuttgart in 1886 and 1889.^[2]

The book was translated into a number of European languages and published during the decade of the 1880s, including Smooth, Romanian, Italian, Danish, and Serbian.^[ii]

Changes to the text were made by Engels for a fourth German language edition, published in 1891, with an effort made to incorporate contemporary findings in the fields of anthropology and ethnography into the work.^[2]

The get-go English language edition did not appear until 1902,^[two] when Charles H. Kerr commissioned Ernest Untermann to produce a translation for the "Standard Socialist Series" of popularly priced pocket editions produced past his Charles H. Kerr & Co. of Chicago. The piece of work was extensively reprinted throughout the 20th and into the 21st Centuries and is regarded equally one of Engels' seminal works.^[2]

Content [edit]

Development of human lodge and the family [edit]

The Origin of the Family, Private Holding and the Country begins with an extensive discussion of Ancient Guild which describes the major stages of human evolution as commonly understood in Engels'south time. Information technology is argued that the showtime domestic institution in human history was the matrilineal association. Engels here follows Lewis H. Morgan's thesis every bit outlined in his major book, Ancient Society. Morgan was a pioneering American anthropologist and business lawyer who championed the land rights of Native Americans and became adopted equally an honorary member of the Seneca Iroquois tribe. Traditionally, the Iroquois had lived in communal longhouses based on matrilineal descent and matrilocal residence, an organisation giving women much solidarity and ability. Writing shortly subsequently Marx's expiry, Engels stressed the theoretical significance of Morgan'southward highlighting of the matrilineal clan:

The rediscovery of the original female parent-correct gens as the stage preliminary to the father-right gens of the civilized peoples has the same significance for the history of archaic order as Darwin'south theory of development has for biology, and Marx's theory of surplus value for political economy.

— Engels, Friedrich (1884). "Preface to the Fourth Edition". The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. New York: Pathfinder Press. pp. 27–38, the quotation is on p.36.

Primitive communism, co-ordinate to both Morgan and Engels, was based in the matrilineal clan where women lived with their classificatory sisters – applying the principle that "my sister'south kid is my child". Considering they lived and worked together, women in these communal households felt potent bonds of solidarity with 1 another, enabling them when necessary to accept action against uncooperative males. Engels cites this passage from a alphabetic character to Morgan written past a missionary who had lived for many years among the Seneca Iroquois,

Every bit to their family organisation, when occupying the erstwhile long-houses, it is probable that some 1 association predominated, the women taking in husbands, however, from the other clans; and sometimes, for a novelty, some of their sons bringing in their immature wives until they felt brave enough to leave their mothers. Usually, the female portion ruled the house, and were doubtless clannish enough about it. The stores were held in mutual; simply woe to the luckless husband or lover who was too shiftless to do his share of the providing. No matter how many children, or whatsoever appurtenances he might have in the house, he might at whatever time be ordered to pack up his coating and budge; and afterwards such orders it would non be healthful for him to attempt to disobey. The house would be too hot for him; and, unless saved by the intercession of some aunt or grandmother, he must retreat to his own clan; or, as was often done, go and get-go a new betrothed alliance in some other. The women were the great power among the clans, as everywhere else. They did not hesitate, when occasion required, to "knock off the horns", as information technology was technically called, from the head of a chief, and send him dorsum to the ranks of the warriors. The original nomination of the chiefs also always rested with them.

— Morgan, Lewis H. (1877). Aboriginal Society. London: Macmillan. p. 455.

Co-ordinate to Morgan, the ascension of alienable property disempowered women past triggering a switch to patrilocal residence and patrilineal descent:

Information technology thus reversed the position of the wife and mother in the household; she was of a dissimilar gens from her children, as well equally her husband; and under monogamy was now isolated from her gentile kindred, living in the separate and sectional house of her husband. Her new condition tended to subvert and destroy that power and influence which descent in the female line and the articulation-tenement houses had created.

— Morgan, Lewis H. (1881). Houses and house-life of the American Aborigines. Chicago and London: Academy of Chicago Printing. p. 128.

Engels added political touch to all this, describing the "overthrow of mother right" as "the world-celebrated defeat of the female person sex activity"; he attributed this defeat to the onset of farming and pastoralism. In reaction, most twentieth-century social anthropologists considered the theory of matrilineal priority untenable,^{[7] [8]}

Engels emphasizes the importance of social relations of power and control over cloth resources rather than supposed psychological deficiencies of "primitive" people. In the eyes of both Morgan and Engels, terms such as "savagery" and "atrocity" were respectful and honorific, non negative. Engels summarises Morgan's iii chief stages equally follows:

Lewis Henry Morgan (1818–1881), whose pioneering anthropological study of Native American peoples was adapted by Frederick Engels in The Origin of the Family.

1. Savagery – the period in which man's appropriation of products in their natural state predominates; the products of human art are importantly instruments which assist this cribbing.
2. Atrocity – the period during which man learns to breed domestic animals and to practice agriculture, and acquires methods of increasing the supply of natural products by man activity.
3. Civilisation – the menses in which man learns a more avant-garde application of piece of work to the products of nature, the period of manufacture proper and of fine art.

In the following chapter on family unit, Engels tries to connect the transition into these stages with a modify in the way that family unit is defined and the rules past which information technology is governed. Much of this is however taken from Morgan, although Engels begins to intersperse his own ideas on the role of family into the text. Morgan acknowledges 4 stages in the family.

The consanguine family is the first stage of the family and as such a principal indicator of our superior nature in comparison with animals. In this land spousal relationship groups are separated co-ordinate to generations. The husband and wife human relationship is immediately and communally causeless between the male person and female members of one generation. The merely taboo is a sexual relationship betwixt 2 generations (i.due east. father and daughter, grandmother and grandson).

The punaluan family unit, the 2nd stage, extends the incest taboo to include sexual intercourse betwixt siblings, including all cousins of the same generation. This prevents nigh incestuous relationships. The separation of the patriarchal and matriarchal lines divided a family unit into gentes. Interbreeding was forbidden within gens (anthropology), although starting time cousins from separate gentes could withal breed.

In the pairing family, the kickoff indications of pairing are found in families where the hubby has one chief wife. Inbreeding is practically eradicated by the prevention of a marriage betwixt two family members who were even just remotely related, while relationships also start to approach monogamy. Belongings and economics brainstorm to play a larger office in the family unit, every bit a pairing family had responsibleness for the ownership of specific goods and property. Polygamy is still common amongst men, just no longer amongst women since their fidelity would ensure the child's legitimacy. Women have a superior part in the family equally keepers of the household and guardians of legitimacy. The pairing family is the form feature of the lower stages of barbarism. Still, at this signal, when the man died his inheritance was withal given to his gens, rather than to his offspring. Engels refers to this economic advantage for men coupled with the woman'south lack of rights to lay merits to possessions for herself or her children (who became hers later on a separation) as the overthrow of mother-correct which was "the earth historical defeat of the female person sex". For Engels, ownership of property created the first meaning partition betwixt men and women in which the woman was inferior.

On the monogamous family, Engels writes:

It develops from the pairing family, equally we accept already shown, during the time of transition from the middle to the higher phase of barbarism. Its final victory is one of the signs of beginning civilization. Information technology is founded on male person supremacy for the pronounced purpose of breeding children of indisputable paternal lineage. The latter is required, because these children shall afterwards on inherit the fortune of their male parent. The monogamous family is distinguished from the pairing family by the far greater immovability of wedlock, which can no longer be dissolved at the pleasure of either party. Every bit a rule, information technology is only the man who can still dissolve it and cast off his wife.

— Engels, Friedrich (1884). "Preface to the Quaternary Edition". The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the Country. New York: Pathfinder Press. p. 75.

Family and belongings [edit]

Engels'south ideas on the role of holding in the creation of the modern family unit and as such modern civilization begin to get more transparent in the latter part of Chapter 2 equally he begins to elaborate on the question of the monogamous relationship and the freedom to enter into (or decline) such a relationship. Bourgeois law dictates the rules for relationships and inheritances. As such, two partners, even when their marriage is non arranged, will always take the preservation of inheritance in mind and as such will never be entirely free to cull their partner. Engels argues that a human relationship based on property rights and forced monogamy will only lead to the proliferation of immorality and prostitution.

The only class, according to Engels, which is free from these restraints of property, and as a consequence from the danger of moral decay, is the proletariat, as they lack the monetary means that are the basis of (as well every bit threat to) the bourgeois spousal relationship. Monogamy is therefore guaranteed by the fact that theirs is a voluntary sex activity-dear relationship.

The social revolution which Engels believed was most to happen would eliminate class differences, and therefore also the need for prostitution and the enslavement of women. If men needed only to be concerned with sexual practice-love and no longer with property and inheritance, then monogamy would come up naturally.

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ Tatiana Andrushchenko, Prefatory note to The Origin of the Family, Private Holding and the State: In the Lite of the Researches of Lewis H. Morgan, in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Nerveless Works: Volume 26: Frederick Engels, 1882-89. New York: International Publishers, 1990; pg. 130.
2. ^ ^{a b c d due east f m h i} Andruschenko, "Prefatory note" in Marx-Engels Collected Works, vol. 26, pg. 640.
3. ^ Frederick Engels, "Writer'southward Preface to the First Edition", in The Origin of the Family, Individual Property and the Country. Ernest Untermann, trans. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1902; pg. 9.
4. ^ Frederick Engels in London to Karl Kautsky in Zurich, Apr 26, 1884, in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works: Book 47: Engels, 1883-86. New York: International Publishers, 1995; pp. 131-132.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Engels to Kautsky, April 26, 1884, pg. 132.
6. ^ ^{a b} Frederick Engels in London to Eduard Bernstein in Zurich, May 22, 1884, in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works: Volume 47: Engels, 1883-86. New York: International Publishers, 1995; pp. 136-137.
7. ^ Malinowski, B. 1956. Marriage: Past and Nowadays. A fence between Robert Briffault and Bronislaw Malinowski, ed. M. F. Ashley Montagu. Boston: Porter Sargent.
8. ^ Harris, M. 1969. The Ascent of Anthropological Theory. London: Routledge, p. 305.

External links [edit]

• The Origin of the Family unit, Private Property and the State. Ernest Untermann, trans. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1909. —Identical to 1st English language edition.
• The Origin of the Family, Individual Property and the State. Alternating translation. New York: International Publishers, north.d. [c. 1933].
• German language language html version.
• Soviet study booklet

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State

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